Along with lord lingaraja, there are another 50 other shrines located on the compound wall of the temple. Buildings in different architectural styles may differ from one another either in. Temple architecture of high standard developed in almost all regions during ancient india. However, the temple architecture of odisha corresponds to altogether a different category for their unique representations called kalinga style of temple architecture. These are the outermost protective coverings of the temple. Similar to terminology used to distinguish the basic components of a gothic church for example nave, aisles, chancel, spire, etc, the common elements of a hindu temple which are known in. The lingaraja temple faces to east and built with sandstone and laterite. Building science of indian temple architecture erasmus mundus programme advanced masters in structural analysis of monuments and historical constructions iii declaration name. James fergusson 180886, a noted critic and historian rated the temple as one of the finest examples of purely hindu temple in india. In the course of evolution number of plans were incorporated in the temple architecture, such as circular plan, square, rectangular, elliptical. Many hindu temples, feature mithun embracing couple sculptures, considered auspicious. It is enshrined within a spacious compound wall of laterite measuring 520 ft 160 m by 465 ft 142 m. Buy the temple architecture of india book online at best prices in india on.
Temple architecture is different from region to region. The devotees here worship as hari hara which means the combined form of shiva and vishnu. The third category is called dravida style found in south india. Variant forms are found in karnataka formerly mysore and andhra pradesh states.
The temple was constructed in kalinga architecture and the central tower is at the height of 55. The earliest architecture in india is that of cottage type. A single gaze at a temple and you will find fractallike spires shikharas or a tower surrounded by smaller towers, surrounded by still smaller towers, and so on, for eight or more levels. Lingaraj temple architecture pdf jobs, employment freelancer. This is often surrounded by smaller, subsidiary towers urushringa and intermediate towers. Large and small temples built during this era remain as examples of the. The temple structure with its concentric squares and high walled enclosures is a lesson for students of architecture. The temples built in western india between muhammad ghanas expedition to somnath in kathiawar in 102526 a. The dravidian style is the typical south indian style temple that is usually made from stone.
Lingaraj temple bhubaneswar, history, temple architecture. The remarkable structure of the temple gives the tint of kalinga style of architecture. The indian temple is a depiction of macrocosm universe as well as the microcosm the inner space. The temple architecture and the city plan are, therefore, related in their conception. Jagannath temple, puri wikimedia the architecture of the jagannath temple follows the pattern of many orissan temples of the ancient period. Traditionally, temples have been the most prominent religious institution in india and fractals form an integral part of those temples. The chief patron of the temple, generally the king of the state is designated as karta. Temple architecture uttarakhand temple architecture of. The temple architecture in india had its humble beginning right from the mauryan period i. Artificial intelligence can only help architecture if we ask the right questions 4 technologies impacting furniture design and manufacturing free webinars to dive into software, materials. Nagara amalakathe finial in a shape of a turban toranagate there are 2 main typesited in the n style. Lingaraj temple bhubaneswar odisha timings, images.
Usually, they are placed at the entrance of the temple or on an exterior. The rulers of yesteryears built some of the intricately carved and exquisite places of worship. Further, unlike in south india it does not usually have elaborate boundary walls or gateways. There is the typical kerala style of architecture of temple towers and it varies from single to multistoried.
Temple architecture of bengal by sibabrata halder and manju halder is an interdisciplinary attempt at understanding various forms of architecture that came into being out of various cultural matrices right from the 5 th to the 19 th century ad. Space and cosmology in the hindu temple by subhash kak according to the sthapatya veda the indian tradition of architecture, the temple and the town should mirror the cosmos. Meenakshi amman temple, madurai photos, history, timing. Their unique representations are called kalingan style of temple architecture. The indian temples are broadly divided into nagara, vesara, dravida and gadag styles of architecture. A low enclosure wall embellished with sculptured niches surrounds it.
Although there are numerous regional variants of the architecture of the hindu temple, they can basically be classifed under the nagara or the north indian and the dravida or the south indian styles. The aesthetic sculptures look at their apex in this architectural exhibition. Hindu temple architecture as the main form of hindu architecture has many varieties of style. The hindu religion and its philosophy greatly influenced hindu temple architecture in its evolutionary process which continues till this date. Volwahsen 2001 has remarked on the continuity in the indian architectural tradition. This style broadly comes under the nagara style in kalinga architecture, basically a temple is made in two parts, a tower.
Brihadeeswara temple was constructed by rajaraja chola i and was designed by kunjara mallan raja rama perunthachan. We will briefly examine aspects of these styles as explained in ancient texts like the mayamata, tantrasamuchchaya and suprabhedagama and their commonalities. Buy the temple architecture of india book online at low. Elements of hindu temple it was the later half of the 7th century that the hindu temple structures of india began to acquire a definite form fletcher,1952. Hence these devotional ancient architectures often reflect various sociocultural aspects of society of the time. However, the tower was destroyed in an attack in 1568. Architecture of hindu temples hindu temples in india.
The temple was constructed in kalinga architecture and the central tower is at the height of 55 metres. Indian temple architecture research papers academia. Lingaraj temple is a spectacular specimen of orissa style of temples with a hint of kalinga style of architecture. The square shape of the vedi vedic sacrificial altar inspired the basic design of temples. It has 24 large wheels, 12 on each side, representing 12 months of a year. Indian architecture notes 188 indian culture and heritage secondary course module v painting, performing arts and architecture objectives after reading this lesson you will be able to. Sun temple of modhera temple of kailasnath, ellora 850 descent of the ganges at mahabalipuram 700 shore temple at mahabalipuram 700 khandariya mahadeva 1050 brihadishwara temple, thanjavur, 1010. Further, unlike in south india it does not usually have elaborate boundary walls or. The surya temple at modhera gujarat and other temple at mt. Temple architecture south india pdf download culture notes. Characterization of space around japanese traditional.
At 200 meters, the sun temple was the highest than any temple in india. In north india it is common for an entire temple to be built on a stone platform with steps leading up to it. The style of temple architecture that became popular in northern india is known as nagara. The lingaraja temple faces east and is built of sandstone and laterite. The lingaraj temple at bhubaneswar boasts of a 150 foot high deul while the jagannath temple at puri is about 200 feet high and it dominates the. The th century ekamra purana narrates that bhubaneswar was famous as ekamra kshetra where lord lingaraj was under a mango tree. Showing siddheshvari temple at barakar and brick temple at sonatopal by the end of the 16th century, a uniquely bengali style of temples architecture and sculpture had established itself as the hindu artistic expression of the new social, religious and. It consists primarily of temples with pyramid shaped towers and are constructed of sandstone, soapstone or granite. The thcentury sun temple surya deul at konarak, the sanctum of which is badly damaged, is the largest and perhaps the most famous oriya temple. This article deals with architecture, temple design, and art in ancient india and also with continuity between harappan and historical art and writing.
Hoysala architecture is the building style in hindu temple architecture developed under the rule of the hoysala empire between the 11th and 14th centuries, in the region known today as karnataka, a state of india. Kalinga style of architecture temples of orissa architecture. Temple architecture south india pdf download culture notes dravidian architecture was an architectural idiom that emerged in the southern part of the indian subcontinent or south india. Orissan temple architecture and vastu purusha mandala for evolution process article pdf available december 2012 with 572 reads how we measure reads. The lingaraj temple is the largest temple in bhubaneswar. Hence, the temple with all its architecture and decoration and rituals, is a place to get ultimate liberation which is the guiding philosophy of hinduism 7. Abu built by the solankis have their own distinct features in central indian architecture. Canonical texts describing the plan of the hindu temple allude to its astronomical basis, and in this indian sacred geometry is not different in conception from the sacred geometry of other ancient cultures,1 although it has its own unique features. An encyclopaedia of hindu architecture internet archive. Around this chamber there are often other structures and buildings, in the. An encyclopaedia of hindu architecture by acharya, prasanna kumar, 1890publication date 1946 topics architecture, hindu dictionaries, architecture india dictionaries. Bengal with its temples built in bricks and terracotta tiles and kerala with its temples having unique roof structure suited to the heavy rainfall of the region developed their own special styles. Siddheshvari temple at barakar rekha deul brick temple at sonatopal figure 1. The origin of indian temple architecture can be traced to vedic times.
Hoysala influence was at its peak in the th century, when it dominated the southern deccan plateau region. South indian temple architecture, also called dravi. View indian temple architecture research papers on academia. Ancient indian temples are classified in three broad types. Shweta vardia building science of indian temple architecture. The huge temple complex covers the vast lands of bhubaneshwar in a stretch. The base of the temple has the pictures of dancing shiva and stone deities. The temple is built in the deula style that has four components namely, garbhagriha, jagamohana. James ferugsson 180886, a noted critic and historian rated the temple as one of the finest examples of purely hindu temple in india. The temple shape may be rectangular, square, starshaped, or octagonal.
Shweta vardia building science of indian temple architecture portugal i 2008 2. The muktesvara temple the muktesvara temple is regarded as a gem of orissan architecture. If tamil nadu is the seat of south indian temple architecture, the madurai meenakshi amman temple is its crowning glory. Major temples are well protected with huge compound walls in anappalla mathil style if the temple compound is more than 4 acres. Although we have focussed mostly on hindu temples, at the end of the chapter you will find some information on major buddhist and jain temples too. Indian temple architecture evolution, type, design.
The lingaraja temple is the largest temple in bhubaneswar. Hindu temple architecture as the main form of hindu architecture has many varieties of style, though the basic nature of the hindu temple remains the same, with the essential feature an inner sanctum, the garbha griha or wombchamber, where the primary murti or the image of a deity is housed in a simple bare cell. The temple is square shaped and a series of concentric streets with names from tamil months surround the structure. The distinct architectural style of temple construction in different parts was a result of geographical, climatic, ethnic, racial, historical and linguistic diversities. The khajuraho temples are a pinnacle of the north indian nagara architectural style the nagara styles primary feature is a central tower shikhara whose highest point is directly over the temples primary deity. Erected in red sandstone, lingraj temple has the stone of the darkest shade. Architecture one of the finest examples of purely hindu temple in india. The south indian temple consists essentially of a squarechambered sanctuary topped by. The main entrance is located in the east, while there are small entrances in the north and south. Though broadly they come under the northern or nagara style, they have certain special features which are uniquely their own.
The idea behind the development of hindu temple is to link man with the god. The orissan temple architecture ranging from 7th to th century a. Temple architecture temple architecture in any part of india has always been patronized by the kings and people ruling there as a way to leave an imprint on the pages of history. Lingaraj temple lingaraj temple bhubaneshwar, lingaraja. The havoc and destruction caused by muhammad ghaznis raid, however, did not. This remarkable structure is crafted out of darkest shade sandstone looking exemplary in its form. The south indian hindu temple building design system on the architecture of the silpa sastra and the dravida style k. Temple is regarded as permanent abode of a deity and one of the most important examples of religious architecture. The 11thcentury lingaraja temple at bhubaneshwar is an example of the oriya style in its fullest development.
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